Introduction (परिचय)
Direct & Indirect Speech grammar का एक important part है, जिसमें किसी व्यक्ति के बोले गए words (speech) को दो तरीकों से व्यक्त किया जाता है — direct form और indirect form।
जब हम किसी के exact words को उसी रूप में लिखते हैं, तो उसे Direct Speech कहते हैं। और जब हम उन्हीं words को अपने शब्दों में बदलकर बताते हैं, तो उसे Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) कहते हैं।
Definition (परिभाषा)
Direct Speech:
जब speaker के exact words quotation marks (” “) में लिखे जाते हैं।
Indirect Speech:
जब speaker के words को बिना quotation marks अपने शब्दों में बताया जाता है।
Examples
Direct Speech:
He said, “I am happy.”
Indirect Speech:
He said that he was happy.
Parts of Direct Speech
Direct Speech में दो parts होते हैं:
- Reporting Verb → He said
- Reported Speech → “I am happy”
Rules for Changing Direct to Indirect Speech (नियम)
1. Change of Tense (काल परिवर्तन)
अगर reporting verb past tense में हो, तो reported speech का tense बदलता है:
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| Present → | Past |
| Past → | Past Perfect |
| Will → | Would |
Example:
Direct: She said, “I am tired.”
Indirect: She said that she was tired.
2. Change of Pronoun (सर्वनाम परिवर्तन)
Pronoun subject के अनुसार बदलता है:
Example:
Direct: He said, “I am busy.”
Indirect: He said that he was busy.
3. Change of Time and Place Words (समय और स्थान परिवर्तन)
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| now → | then |
| today → | that day |
| tomorrow → | next day |
| yesterday → | previous day |
| here → | there |
4. Removal of Quotation Marks
• Inverted commas (” “) हटाए जाते हैं
5. Use of “that”
• Statement में “that” use किया जाता है
Types of Sentences in Direct & Indirect Speech
1. Assertive Sentences (विधान वाक्य)
Rule: said → said that
Example:
Direct: He said, “She is happy.”
Indirect: He said that she was happy.
2. Interrogative Sentences (प्रश्नवाचक)
Rule:
• said → asked
• if / whether use होता है
Example:
Direct: He said, “Are you ready?”
Indirect: He asked if I was ready.
3. Imperative Sentences (आज्ञार्थक)
Rule:
• told / asked + to
Example:
Direct: He said, “Open the door.”
Indirect: He told me to open the door.
4. Exclamatory Sentences (विस्मयादिबोधक)
Rule:
• exclaimed with joy/sorrow
Example:
Direct: He said, “What a beautiful day!”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful day.
Important Points (Exam Tips)
• Tense change rules याद रखें
• Pronoun सही बदलें
• Time words change करना न भूलें
• Sentence type पहचानना जरूरी है
• Quotation marks हटाना जरूरी है
Difference (Exam Point)
Direct vs Indirect Speech
• Direct → exact words use होते हैं
• Indirect → own words में बताया जाता है
Short Answer (Exam Revision)
Direct Speech में speaker के exact words quotation marks में लिखे जाते हैं, जबकि Indirect Speech में उन्हीं words को अपने शब्दों में बिना quotation marks के लिखा जाता है।